我尝试在 Xcode 中运行一个简单的 C++/OpenGL“Hello world”程序。如果我用终端编译它，它会完美运行，但是 Xcode 会抛出很多错误，暗示 Glad 和 Glfw。我看到答案提到 Glad 必须包含在 Glfw 之前，我做到了。我还尝试在 Glfw 包含之前定义 GLFW_INCLUDE_NONE ，但它什么也不做。
源代码（来自 learnopengl.com）：
//#define GLFW_INCLUDE_NONE // Don't solve the problem.
#include "include/glad.h"
#include "include/glfw3.h"
#include <iostream>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
const char *vertexShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);\n"
"}\0";
const char *fragmentShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.2f, 1.0f);\n"
"}\n\0";
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// build and compile our shader program
// ------------------------------------
// vertex shader
unsigned int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertexShader);
// check for shader compile errors
int success;
char infoLog[512];
glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// fragment shader
unsigned int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
// check for shader compile errors
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// link shaders
unsigned int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
// check for linking errors
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);
// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
float vertices[] = {
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // left
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // right
0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f // top
};
unsigned int VBO, VAO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
// bind the Vertex Array Object first, then bind and set vertex buffer(s), and then configure vertex attributes(s).
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
// note that this is allowed, the call to glVertexAttribPointer registered VBO as the vertex attribute's bound vertex buffer object so afterwards we can safely unbind
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
// You can unbind the VAO afterwards so other VAO calls won't accidentally modify this VAO, but this rarely happens. Modifying other
// VAOs requires a call to glBindVertexArray anyways so we generally don't unbind VAOs (nor VBOs) when it's not directly necessary.
glBindVertexArray(0);
// uncomment this call to draw in wireframe polygons.
//glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// input
// -----
processInput(window);
// render
// ------
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// draw our first triangle
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
glBindVertexArray(VAO); // seeing as we only have a single VAO there's no need to bind it every time, but we'll do so to keep things a bit more organized
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
// glBindVertexArray(0); // no need to unbind it every time
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glDeleteProgram(shaderProgram);
// glfw: terminate, clearing all previously allocated GLFW resources.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
错误：
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
"_gladLoadGLLoader", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glAttachShader", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glBindBuffer", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glBindVertexArray", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glBufferData", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glClear", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glClearColor", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glCompileShader", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glCreateProgram", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glCreateShader", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glDeleteBuffers", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glDeleteProgram", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glDeleteShader", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glDeleteVertexArrays", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glDrawArrays", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glEnableVertexAttribArray", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glGenBuffers", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glGenVertexArrays", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glGetProgramInfoLog", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glGetProgramiv", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glGetShaderInfoLog", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glGetShaderiv", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glLinkProgram", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glShaderSource", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glUseProgram", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glVertexAttribPointer", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glad_glViewport", referenced from:
framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow*, int, int) in main.o
"_glfwCreateWindow", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwGetKey", referenced from:
processInput(GLFWwindow*) in main.o
"_glfwGetProcAddress", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwInit", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwMakeContextCurrent", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwPollEvents", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwSetWindowShouldClose", referenced from:
processInput(GLFWwindow*) in main.o
"_glfwSwapBuffers", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwTerminate", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwWindowHint", referenced from:
_main in main.o
"_glfwWindowShouldClose", referenced from:
_main in main.o
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
Xcode 还在 glfw3.h 中引发了数百个文档问题，其中大部分是：
Empty paragraph passed to '@sa' command
我将 macOS Catalina (10.15.7) 与 Xcode 版本 12.3 一起使用。
谢谢你的帮助。